Scientific language, along with media and political discourse, has received adequate and ample attention in research on GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR (GM) as it is a chief driving force in the discourse of those genres; Modern Prose Fiction (MPF) however has seen spotty and sketchy research at best. This study, thus, aims to bring out how GM is deployed in (MPF), as opposed to such a deployment in the language of science. Drawing mostly upon the conceptualization of GM by Thompson (2004) and Halliday & Matthiessen (1999, 2004), the study shifts the spotlight onto Harry Potter series, which is most representative of MPF discoursally and generically. The works placed under analysis for scientific discourse, selected based on clear and clarified criteria, are equally representative. This study is in a qualitative exploratory mould; it receives, in that spirit, three phases of compensatory sweeping analysis. The findings uncover six categories of GM in MPF and point to the category of Prepositional and Generic GM as the mainstays, underpinning all GM in the genre. The heart of the differential deployment of GM in MPF is found to lie in Semogenesis, the semiotic powerhouse of evolutionary meaning-making in language. The findings promise to broaden the understanding of GM and encourage undertaking analysis of GM in other prose genres, especially under-researched ones.

GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR is one of the major issues in systemic functional grammar which has received much more attention recently. The main question of this research is: What are the functions of GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs, such as nominalization and modality, in political discourse, and why do media use GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs in texts? The main objective of this research is to study the role of GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR in political discourse based on systemic functional grammar. In this research, the basic functions of GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs, namely nominalization and modality, in political discourse are investigated. The needed data are extracted from Resalat and Shargh newspapers; the frequencies of nominalization in two newspapers are 408 and 304, respectively. The frequencies of modality in Resalat and Shargh newspapers are 30 and 32, respectively. The results of research indicate that main functions of nominalization METAPHOR are foregrounding of positive self-representation, foregrounding of negative other representation, hiding ideologies and suppression of message, creating cohesion and coherence, changing the distribution of theme and rheme, changing the distribution of old and new information. Moreover, the results indicate that the main functions of GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR of modality in political discourse are concretizing of ideologies, expressing attitudes of writer, indicating the degree of certainty of proposition occurrence, and foregrounding ideologies.

Within Systemic Functional Linguistics, GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR (GM) is a meaning-making resource lying at the experiential level that extends the meaning potential through cross-stratal re-mappings between the grammar and the semantics, boiling down, in one of its manifestations to expressing something that should have been a process (verb) in terms of a thing (noun). This study is an attempt at seeing how the frequency of GM used in the novel ‘ Frankenstein’ written by Mary Shelly plays out in its cinematic adaptation. It is an attempt at investigating possible differences in the use of GM in the novel as a type of literary prose fiction and in one of its cinematic adaptations, the respective frequencies, along with what implications these differences carry in terms of generic features and functions of GM. In the 4200-word corpus analyzed for the movie adaptation, there were 70 instances of GM emerging upon analysis. In the 4200-word purposively sampled excerpt of the novel, there were above 330 instances of GM emerging. So the frequency of instances of GM in the written version was much more than that in the cinematic adaptation. This significant difference carries many possible cognitive, semantic, discursive, generic and textual implications. A number of pedagogical implications accrue to this research, such as increasing the knowledge of teachers and English language instructors with regard to the role of GM in making METAPHORical forms in different texts, increasing knowledge of how to approach the teaching of the skill of reading and writing in upper-intermediate and intermediate classes, deeper critical reading abilities for learners, etc.

One of the common concepts in systemic functional grammar of Michael Halliday is GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR, generally introduced as a kind of METAPHOR. Halliday introduced and distinguished three GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs: ideational, interpersonal and textual. This article reviewed the degree and method of applying different kinds of GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs in scientific and literary texts. To do so, authors selected and analyzed one scientific work titled “an Introduction to Sociology of Language” by Yahya Modarresi and one literary text named “Tangsir” by Sadeq Chubak as their samples. Their findings showed that the degree of using different kinds of GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs is not equal in scientific and literary texts. It seems that authors of scientific texts used GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs to enrich contents, information summarization, making texts more technical for target audiences, making contents clearer and other reasons. The author of literary text used GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs as few as possible. Abovementioned reasons do not apply in literary texts and this justifies its less usage. Therefore, the article attempts to introduce GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR as a new criterion for distinguishing scientific and literary texts by providing enough proofs from these two texts.

Using Michael Hallidays (1994) model f functional grammar, this paper reports on the findings from a large corpus-based study of scientific research articles all of which were published en English in 2001. The corpus comprises the Introduction and Conclusion sections of 100 scientific research articles from 10 disciplines, five from the social and five from the natural sciences.The texts have been analyzed quantitatively with respect to the realization of interpersonal GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR, an aspect of the lexico-GRAMMATICAL structure lf written discourse which has not been as thoroughly investigated as have other components of the Hallidayan model. The paper will present quantitative findings the realization of interpersonal GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR in research introductions and conclusions a) within a particular research field, b) across research fields, and c) between the social and natural sciences. The analyses will show that the social sciences represent significantly more instances of interpersonal GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR, Implications will be drawn for the Hallidayan model.

IntroductionMETAPHOR involves transference and substitution. In a chapter of his book, Halliday (1985) uses the term GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR as a type of METAPHOR complementing lexical METAPHOR. GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR is a substitution of one GRAMMATICAL class or structure by another, but with a similar GRAMMATICAL meaning for both (Halliday, 1994: 312). GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR can be considered a supplement to lexical METAPHOR. Lexical METAPHOR uses lexical substitution to create a new meaning, while GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR uses structural substitution for this purpose. In other words, the use of a new GRAMMATICAL structure instead of another can create a new meaning. Halliday proposed the term GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR and divided it into three parts, namely, ideational, interpersonal and textual. Methodology, Review of Literature and PurposeThis study seeks to explore and compare the type and frequency of GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs in texts for two age groups of “A” (children) and “D” (teenagers) in order to determine the growth rate of GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs from kids to young adults as well as the most frequent type of these METAPHORs.A total of 37 volumes of books from among the works of Afsaneh Shabannezhad for the two age groups were randomly selected. Among these books, 28 volumes were children’s story books and 9 volumes were adolescents’.Torr and Simpson (2003) found out that GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR is significantly related to literacy development, since children's spoken language lacks complex lexicoGRAMMATICAL patterns, including GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs. Using a systematic functional approach, this study explored the METAPHORical forms that children use in communication and also the social semiotic environment in which these forms are interpreted.Nabi-far and Kazemzad co-authored an article entitled "Types of GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" (2013) to explore the relationship between adult writing and GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR. They investigated the salient features of GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR by comparing the METAPHORical forms with main forms, and considered GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR to be a tool for adult language. Discussion The theoretical framework of this study is functional linguistics and the descriptive-analytical method was used for data analysis. First, all the GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs used in the texts, including ideational (nominalization and transitivity), interpersonal (mood and modality), and textual GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs were extracted from the books of each age group. Then the clauses in each book were counted. The final percentage of GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs, considering the number of clauses as a whole, was one hundred. In the next step, the frequency of each type of GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR (ideational, interpersonal and textual) was compared with that of the other two types while taking into account the number of all the GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs in each text as a whole. Finally, these values ​​were presented in separate tables, and then the prose texts of the two age groups were compared and analyzed in frequency charts.Examples of METAPHORs in books for age group A:“The ladybug had got used to having fun” (Shabannejad, 2001: 25). In this clause, the nominal form of the verb "having fun" has been used to function METAPHORically.“Get up; didn’t you want to help me?” (Shabannejad, 2011: 21). In this sentence, a modal METAPHOR is used, as an interrogative clause has been used to function as an imperative clause.Examples of various METAPHORs in books for age group D:“The alleys were drowned in moans and shouts” (Shabannejad, 2007: 14). In this clause, the existential process of existence is expressed in the form of the material process of drowning and thus functions as METAPHORical.“Were you in my shoes, would you leave people?” (Shabannejad, 2007: 34). In this clause, the interrogative mood has been used to function as the indicative mood, implying that he will not leave the people.The numbers of GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs in the stories for age group A and the age group D were 27.41 and 77.15, respectively. Also, the percentages of GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs in the kids’ story books for ideational, interpersonal and textual METAPHORs were 25.54, 8.06 and 66.4, respectively, while those for the teenage group were 43.1, 4, and 52.13, respectively. ConclusionThe results demonstrated that more GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs were used in adolescents’ texts than in children’s texts. This difference was not limited to frequency, as the adolescents’ texts had used a greater variety of METAPHORs than the children’s texts.  The research findings show that, in general, fewer METAPHORs had been used in children’s books, which can be justified by imagining that this age group's level of comprehension had been taken into consideration by the author. Moreover, the widespread use of METAPHORs in adolescents’ books prevents the over-simplicity of the texts and adds variety to their language. Therefore, maintaining this pattern in the use of GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR can be considered a text-reader connection factor. GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR can be seen as a means for a more serious and scientific view when it comes to children. They can be used as a measure of judging the classification of child-related works into different age groups. Furthermore, their use in child studies can pave the way for scientific studies in the fields of child psychology, childcare, child education, and developing standards for children's books and products. 

Historical texts including texts that claim to report reality, when seen from this perspective, are close to scientific texts. Among these texts is Beyhaghi’ s history. It seems that GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs can be effective in assessing the validity of this work. In this study, to investigate Beyhagi's claim, we examined the story of Hassanak-e-Vazir in terms of GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR. The results of the research show that material processes are the most important components of this text. Also, the declarative mood that represents the actual report is dominant in this work, but besides that, the subjunctive mood, which is the opposite of the declarative mood, is seen in many processes, such as nominal GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs, alternative meanings, the use of sentences in unusual roles, the application of processes to each other in interpersonal meta-function, the elimination of the agent or the process actor, and some additional results of this research. The use of the active verb in the sense of the passive in order to remove the process actor can be considered a new type of GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR most frequently used in this section. Based on the findings, we can say that Beyhaghi, while emphasizing the facts, does not report the reality completely. He tells a part of the fact that is safe or low risk, but he also eliminates some parts or does not explicitly state them, especially in the constructions concerning how Massoud Ghaznavi is a true actor in the process, using various forms of GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR to keep his name.

Common people express subjective reality with objective experience and use the substitution of a grammar tool for another tool to convey their meaning. The frequency of this METAPHORical substitution can be a sign of style. This descriptive-analytical essay has examined the GRAMMATICAL processes and METAPHORs of the story Turnip the Fruit of Paradise by Ali-Mohammed Afghani, based on the theory of role-based theory. This story is one of the realist narrative works that revolves around METAPHORical language and all three types of GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs (ideological, interpersonal and textual) are seen in it. The representation of the experience in the dialogue of the participants of this story is mostly based on the transfer of the mental process to the material because the author knows that by using the transitive system of GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR, abstract and subjective concepts become more understandable for the general audience; However, the transfer and displacement of material to mental processes is reflected in this work in its lowest amount, and the reason for the reflection of verbs in a material form is transparency and openness, and the author did not want to interpret his experience (many tables are provided). Considering the subjective meaning and the external experience of it, Afghani uses the pragmatic present which conveys the meaning of the action correctly, and in representing the states governing the actors is affected by the existing conversation of the speakers’ class. In this novel, the processes (verbs) have been METAPHORically transformed into nouns by noun formation, which is the main form of transitive METAPHOR, and the author has made the message and words of the participants stand out with this GRAMMATICAL transition. In this work, the intellectual meaning also refers to the author's experiences from the outside world.

The present study intends to examine how political discourse employs nominalization to describe events and occurrences and for what specific purposes. The research aims to explore how actions and reactions are foregrounded and backgrounded in the ideological representation of texts. To achieve this goal, the speeches of the ex-presidents of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States, subsequent to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015, have been selected for critical discourse analysis. The first stage of data analysis involves identifying and analyzing 508 clauses. The second phase examines the use of nominalization METAPHORs in the coverage of developments surrounding the nuclear agreement during the period from the US withdrawal from the agreement to Iran's fifth step in reducing its JCPOA commitments. To demonstrate the role of nominalization in the various representations of a single event in rival discourse media, two domestic and two foreign media outlets are examined. The data in this section also includes eight news titles from the above-mentioned media outlets in five specific time periods, in which a significant development surrounding the JCPOA has taken place. The results indicate that nominalization METAPHORs are not used to eliminate the agent from the center of attention, but rather to highlight their own actions. Rival discourses use these highlights to elicit their own desired meaning to the audience, both in the arrangement of the speeches of the two presidents and in the coverage of political developments surrounding the nuclear agreement by the media.

Introduction: According to the studies, the GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR has a special significance in the development of scientific writings, and it is one of the most important characteristics of the scientific language. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Persian language based on the systemic functional linguistics framework and it will attempt to answer the fundamental question that how many types of METAPHORical processes have been used in the scientific articles in various disciplines including physics, chemistry, linguistics, and political sciences within three decades. The second goal is to compare the results of all four disciplines in different decades, in order to determine the development of these mechanisms in the scientific discourse of the Persian language at different decades. Theoretical Framework: The basic roles of GRAMMATICAL phenomena according to systemic functional linguistics are described through three meta-functions: ideational (consisting of empirical and logical cases), interpersonal, and textual. The whole model of systemic functional linguistics is based on the relationship and interaction between these three meta-functions. The ideational meta-function has to do with how we construe our human experience in and of reality through language. The interpersonal meta-function views language as interaction. The textual meta-function is concerned with the textual organization of the language. The ideational meta-function relates to the clause through which experience is seen as being encoded in language as processes, participants in these processes and circumstances. Each of these meta-functional representations of language can be expressed through METAPHORical expressions. Halliday (2004) considers GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR as the most important feature in describing the language of science and emphasizes that many features of the language of science are the result of GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR. Methodology: The present study is a descriptive-comparative study whose structure consists of four sets of research papers related to the fields of physics, chemistry, linguistics, and political sciences. 60 Persian academic articles from reputable journals were chosen for analysis. Each field is divided into the groups of 15 articles and each group is divided into three groups of 5 articles devoted to 1981-2011 in three decades. First, the number of the occurrence of METAPHORical GRAMMATICAL expressions in each text was determined, and congruent equivalent for each was presented. After analyzing the GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs of selected articles in this way, the frequency of occurrence of each type of METAPHORs was obtained through the division of GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs by the total words in the whole text and, accordingly, the average percentage of the use of METAPHORical GRAMMATICAL expressions in each text were assessed. The results of the calculations were compared using independent t-test using SPSS software. In this research, the significance level is less than 0. 05. Results and Discussion: Based on these findings, METAPHORs type (2, 10, 5, and 6) were the most frequent METAPHORs respectively, and type (7, 11, 4, and 12) were the least frequent ones respectively. Chemistry has the most use of METAPHORical mechanisms, and physics, political science, and linguistics are ranked next. In addition, the results, on the one hand, show that the ratio of the general use of the type of GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs contained in the experimental texts (chemistry and physics) is significantly more than the human sciences (political science and linguistics). On the other hand, the political science text (human sciences) with the average of 5/07 GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs are not much different from the average of 5/09 physics texts (experimental science). In addition, the order of frequency occurrence of different METAPHORs in this field is the same as physics and chemistry. According to the results, "apparently" there is no direct connection between the scientific nature of a field and the application of METAPHOR. Conclusion and Suggestions: The finding of present study showed the order of the occurrence of GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs in each text was as follow: 2 > 10> 5> 6> 1> 9> 8> 3> 12> 4> 11> 7. In addition, it showed that the order of fields in using the most number of METAPHORical processes is as follows: chemistry> physics> political science> linguistics. Findings of the research do not show a direct relation between the scientific nature of these disciplines and the application of GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR. In addition there is also no significant difference in the number of GRAMMATICAL METAPHORs diachronically. The findings of this research can be used in determining the promotion extent of the status of Persian language among the international scientific languages, which is one of the eight major objectives in the comprehensive scientific map of the country. In addition, the findings of this research can be used in various fields including planning, teaching and writing scientific texts to teach the Persian language to non-Persian speakers.